Pupils’ Ideas in Learning Concept of the Chemical Bonding among Pakistani Students
Dr. Ahmed Sher Awan, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Dr. Tariq Mahmood Khan, Dr. Tahseen Mahmood, Dr. Muhammad Naeem Mohsin

Abstract
The major objective of this research study is to look into alternative ideas of science students in learning concept of the chemical bonding. 120 students of 10th class were included in randomly selected sample that has learnt chemistry for two years through traditional text book approach. Seven instances or non-instances were used to explore misconceptions of each subject. To determine the reliability of the instrument (IAI), Inter-rater reliability Cohan Kappa cross tab statistics was used. Content validity of the instrument was established through experts’ judgemental procedures. Overall high proportion of alternative ideas in girls and boys at secondary level pointed out a big challenge for science educationalist. Further, categorical analysis revealed five categories of alternative ideas. In which many alternative ideas were found in two main categories such as self-centered or human-centered views and incorrect use of scientific terms. There were found three other categories of alternative ideas but comparatively less in numbers. It is notable that their ideas were not improved despite teaching for two years through traditional textbook approach. Thus, this study will guide to change the alternative ideas through more cooperative and interactive approaches of teaching and learning chemistry at secondary and higher secondary level.

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